Having command over history and continuously analyzing as well as summarizing it, is the one who is known as Historian. They are the one who are graduated in history. It’s not about memorizing dates and name; in fact it’s doing the work of a detective.

Their work is excavating the past-a few year or a thousand year or even centuries for only the purpose of solving the unsolved ,cold cases, to answer the underlying questions and to put pieces of puzzles in correct order. They spend their time in exploring history of various events or of specific time period and their relative significance. Historian are responsible for acquiring the knowledge of the world as “what happened” and “why or how it happened” and communicating what they have learned in reference to the past to others. Historians gather factual information which has been registered or witnesses through reading, listening or viewing the past event. Based on historian events, they even work to prove or reject a thesis and draw conclusions. Basically historian’s main concern is with continuous, systematic narrative and thorough study of past events with relation to the human’s race, along with the study of all events in time.

Objectives: – If one opts to be a historian then he should be able to

1. Recognize how historians explore primary sources.
2. Gather and cross examine historical data from various sources.
3. With reference to various historical evidence support different interpretation.
4. Scrutinize cause and effect relationship.
5. Present them selves clearly orally and in writing.
6. Vitally scrutinize multiply sources of information.

What Do Historians Do?

A number of historians are employed at Universities, libraries, government agencies, archival centers and as freelance consultants. Many opt to teach so they can convey their views of history to rest of society. Historians have job opportunities as writers and editors. They can be information manager; they can go for advocates and can also be as business people. Many enter banking insurance and stock analysis. As they learn ho to write persuasively so this training gives them as scope in advertising communication media and marketing.

Some active historians even visit the sites of historical events and thoroughly investigate it so as to get more information. On other hand some opt for libraries and imprisoning themselves to the depth of records, penetrating themselves into the indefinable passages that help them to carry on the work. Either being involved in various visits to historical sites or visits to various book records or archives, one researches into the past and get to know various advancement to its present state.

If one is really interested in becoming a historian then initial step is to study history. Different people’s interest is in different time period. You should find the time period which fascinates you and study it. In this field you have selected to get specialized as a historian, you should thrive to get a doctorate (Ph. D) degree. In order to gain heights as being a historian you must regularly publish works, based on your research. Doctoral thesis of a history student often develops into his or her book.

Geography: – It’s the word which is derived from Greek and its literal meaning is “to write about the Earth”. It aims at understanding the world-its human and physical features by thorough understanding of the place and its location. Now it is often associated with maps because schools provide a subject titled as Geography in which map is referred for studying.  But in reality Geography is much more than studying map. It is a wide field which includes production of maps and various other topics.

What is it that Geographers do?

The view of Geographers 60 years ago was quite different from today. Earlier it reflected a common misconception. It said Geographers just study “what” is “where” which comprises of bays, lakes, highest mountains and largest cities type of information. But with the evolution there is change in this field from declarative discipline to an intellectual one, devoted to discovering spatial science. They study the physical and cultural phenomena that are distributed around the world. Geographers emphasize on examining the relationship between the unique vigorous features and characteristics of biosphere of the human organization and of the activity within it, and it study various spots and spaces to know some additional information of the world. A number of Geographers are found working as map makers (cartographies), researchers, scientists, GIS specialist, planners, analysis and many more. They are even found working at Universities, schools or college as instructors, professors etc.

Geographers often get specialization in particular region at different level of analysis. They make use of geography lab, statistics, and interview and field techniques to geographical information systems, qualitative survey material, computerized data analysis or remotely sensed imagery to gather data.

Geographers are broadly classified into two pairs as

• Physical geographer.
• Human geographer.

Physical geographers study earths natural phenomena and its surface. They deal with topics as ecosystems, relationship between living organisms, distribution of water, climate pattern, terrain, soil, vegetation etc. There interest may be in knowing seasonal weather pattern and their impact on our environment’ adaptation of animals in various situations. It is an earth science discipline.

On the other hand humans geographers study relationship between people and places. They study rural and urban environment, provision of medical facilities, and environment impact on human activities. It is a Social Science disciplines.

In order to become a geographer one need to have a master or doctoral degree in geography or related field, along with the training in mathematics and statistics as there is a lot of usage of quantitative and mathematical research methods. They should be acquainted with computer too for research and keep in touch with the latest technology.

Geographers have job opportunities in areas commonly of government organization such as in education, disaster response, environmental management, city or the country planning, development of the community, epidemiology studies for department of health and many more. They even have job opportunity for private companies as in company which is interested in sponsoring the spread of electricity in rural area.

IT or Information Technology is the field that has seen spurt growth in the few past decades and is expected to continue on the same spree in the future. It is a lucrative field to adopt as profession not only because it is in continuous demand but you can yourself assesses the money involved with it by the fact that alone in year 2009 the IT services revenue totaled 763 billion USD.

Literally speaking, IT is the acquiring of data (textual, pictorial, vocal, numerical and other forms) and then processing it to make information (processed data) for various purposes with the help of computing and telecommunication devices. The experts of IT have to deal with a broad range of studies. Computer software, computer or programming languages, computer hardware and most importantly information systems are the area that are dealt by IT professionals. All the multimedia devices that render data can be utilized in the field of Information Technology.

Functions Served by IT Professionals

The domain of work of IT professionals is very vast as can be seen from the above discussion. Basically, IT professional provide the computer system and information network solutions to any organization. These organizations may range from a simple restaurant to a big server network.

While creating the computer and network systems, IT professionals suggest the hardware required to carry out a particular task, install applications on the computer systems suited for that particular job, design complex, efficient and economical computer networks and databases.

On the other hand, an IT professional can also hold the duty of data management, optimized database and software design, handling and administering entire systems, as well as creating networks and engineering computer hardware.

IT professionals are not just limited to provide computer solutions and creating networks. The field of IT is enthralling as it is providing new areas to work with each day. New multimedia devices and gadgets that can be utilized by an IT professional are invented every day. Moreover, the existing multimedia devices are also undergoing significant changes to provide wide range of opportunity to work with them. So as to speak an IT professional can use his genius to create networking solutions using cell phones, televisions, automobiles etc. and other day to day devices that can be connected through internet.

IT professionals can be broadly categorized as:

1. Programmers: The main job of the programmers is to create programs to cater a particular need. Initially, programmers are given the job of code testing under the supervision of some experienced senior. Senior or experienced programmers can also repair software apps.

2. System Analysts: System analysts work out the specifications; prepare flowcharts and other process diagrams for the programmers to follow. They also work with programmer to debug the errors in the programs. They suggest the solutions and also make sure whether the program requirements have been met or not. Certain system analysts are devoted in the implementation of network solutions in an organization.

3. IT Managers: These people look after the overall management of the IT set up. IT managers are responsible for evaluating the scope of expansion in the existing network system and thereby suggest the ways to implement the new changes. They also assess various operational and financial risks involved in the suggested solution.

Human resources are the field of business that is concerned with recruitment and management of employees. This definition of human resources may appear very simple to read out but in today’s world the significance of human resources stands far important in the success of any company or corporation. “What do human resources do” may seem to be answered to some extent in the above definition; but presently the challenges human resources faces are dynamic in nature.

Basic Tasks of Human Resources

As always, the prime role of human resources has been to act as a medium of interaction between the employees and the company. Systemizing the working environment, making new policies for employees is considered the sole responsibilities of HR manager. Their past way of work has also been viewed just as mere paper work of personnel and administration functions.

Primarily, in many organizations and companies HR work is related to hiring employees, paying them and negotiating with them in order to maximize the company’s profit.

Changing Face of Human Resources

Today, the business operations are following an unprecedented course that is closely routed by the employees demand and the company. The working of human resource manager is not simply limited to employing and paying the employees. Providing peaceful ambient conditions to the employees, so that they can work in an effective way is also considered important aspect of HR planning. An efficient and good HR manager not only monitors the working of the whole team of employees but also closely looks after the dynamic needs of each individual as well.

Hiring; designing the work positions; rewarding the employees; recognizing their work and accordingly rewarding; adopting skill development programs and closely guided promotion structure are some of the important aspects which a modern HR consider in its working.

In all the above mentioned systems while supporting the employees, the sole aim of a HR manager is to take the companies to new heights and profits. In order to have a better understanding of profit optimization HR managers make use of knowledge of finance and accounting and management techniques to track the various processes in the organization.

HR and Employees

The success of a company can best be viewed and predicted by the organizational culture it provides. As a thumb rule, satisfied are the employees better is their working efficiency. It is this point which provides base so as how a HR manager design policies of the company. Providing a work environment that will infuse motivation to work and contribute in the company, along with serenity is something which every HR tries to achieve in the office.

Open and clear communication between the employees is also important feature that HR managers have to maintain. Proper conversation between the employees and the company not only let company to convey the goals in front of employees but it also help in absorbing innovative ideas from the employees side. How to reward aptly for the achievements is also something which HR managers have to look after along with keeping the company on the side of profit.

This is one of the most speculated questions among people who consider “freemasons” as a secret society. Like the question, the answers pertaining to this query also seem to be quite varied and obscure. To have a better understanding of this society and the nature of work people in this organization undertake, we should better look at the origin and the present status of this so called secret society.

Origin and Structure

Regarding its origin, freemasons is a fraternity organization that is believed to have abstruse roots dating back to late 16^th and early 17^th century. At present about 6 million people around the world claim to be member of this so called clandestine society, most of which hail from United Kingdom, nearly 2 million live in USA and many others are dispersed across the whole globe.

The society is administered by independent bodies called lodges or orients making their own jurisdiction. United Grand Lodge of England being a prominent one governs around quarter million people. There are subordinate lodges as well, but each body works independently. Usually, lodges recognize each other and follow common landmarks are called “regular”; and the ones that are not associated with each other are called “irregular” or “clandestine”.

Present Status

Freemasons society has been using symbols of operative stonemasons within its organization. It is this use of metaphors, which raises question for this society being secret. But rather than calling themselves a secret society, freemasons prefer to be called as an esoteric organization. Although freemasons have been referred to as a secret society in the past but truly in the 21^st century it lacks this attribute. It is more of a “society with secrets” than a secret society itself as a secret society. Today freemason society comprise of people from broad range of religions like Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and many others as it has no problem with the religion because it claims to be society which does not work on any particular religious principles. A freemason has to keep faith  in  a supreme being, which  it may even  conceive it as the god described in his or her  religious book or what his or her conscience perceive it to be.

Still there are certain lodges that allow member to be from a particular religion. The prominent example of this is the freemasonry practiced in Scandinavia that accepts only Christian members.

Importance of Signs, Grips and Words

Signs and symbols play a central role in the freemasonry. Interestingly, special signs, tokens, grips and gestures are used by its members to gain access in its meetings and most importantly the legitimacy of being a freemason. These signs and tokens may not be similar in various grand lodges as they can adopt their own symbols and passwords. Usually, these lodges keep on changing the signs and passwords from time to time, so it becomes quite difficult for an outsider to intrude in this society.  Nowadays, the visitors are required to produce the certificates, due card apart from showing the knowledge of signs and gestures.

The freemasons make use of symbols and signs of the medieval architectural tools of the masons in their rituals. These symbols even act as the medium of teachings in this society. Though these symbols don’t represent the actual meaning of their shape but they are meant to teach the ethics and morals through philosophical meanings of “truth, brotherly love and relief”. Inculcating the ethics and virtues in the personality is one of the core ideas of teachings of freemasonry.

Works of Freemasons

People speculate a lot about the works of the freemasons, but without proofs they are just conspiracies. Actually, what freemasons claim them regarding the working of this society is that, this society works to develop the human beings intellectually in order to serve the mankind. Freemasons are engaged in charity operations in the field of healthcare, education etc. as they donate billions of dollars in these areas annually. Use of signs and symbols in its organizational procedures is exactly what makes this society hidden from the world. Moreover, to keep the secrets of meetings or broadly speaking the society as a whole has attracted the attention of the world since its birth.

The basic work of a firefighter is quite clear from its name itself; yes, firefighters certainly put out fires but there are many other services they render to their community. Firefighters are trained to extinguish all types of fire; fire in an apartment, forest, factory, office etc. While trying to suppress the fire at any place they have the core idea in their mind to save the people engulfed in the burning building. From all these services offered by these people, it is clear that they are invaluable part of any civilized and modern society.

You just don’t see a firefighter when there is a fire outbreak somewhere around you. Firefighters never sit idle. Apart from putting out fires and saving people from the burning buildings, these people are engaged in other valuable services at other times. Most of the people involved in firefighting operations offer a helping hand in other form of emergencies as well. Firefighters are also prepared to help people struck in medical emergency and accidents. They also run programs to create awareness and educate people about the methods to prevent fire and how to act when a fire really breaks down.

You won’t find match of discipline in any other profession like firefighting. Right from the beginning of the day, firefighters put on their dresses to tackle down emergencies. As soon as they reach the fire stations, they check and look after their equipments. The job of a firefighter is always full of danger and therefore it beckons courage and bravery.

The conditions in which a firefighter works are never friendly and they are always full of danger. A firefighter has to reach out in dark places which are filled with smoke. The heat is also intense in these places. Not only a firefighter needs to be physically fit to cope with these adverse conditions but it must also have high endurance levels of mind as well. To get prepared for such hard conditions, firefighters regularly undertake drills. For being physically fit, firefighters carry out regular physical fitness training.

Though being brave and strong are the ingrained characteristics of fire fighters, they also posses sound knowledge so as how to operate and maintain various equipments used in this profession. Firefighters have to climb and lift heavy objects during their operations and therefore these important things are also looked after in their training. One of the most important characteristic of fire fighter is to work in team work. Putting out fire is never a one man job; it is the seamless coordination between the members of firefighting team that brings success to them.

Generally, firefighters have high school degree but some of them also get the college degree in fire science. In higher studies they are taught so as how to take over the various kinds of fires that arises from different sources and in different conditions. Firefighters have to qualify certain written and physical tests along with the training they have to carry out in special schools for this tough job.Though most of firefighters are men but some courageous women also undertake this esteemed job.

FBI or Federal Bureau of Investigation is one of the most reputed intelligence and crime fighting organization renowned throughout the world. TV serials, movies etc. have used the FBI as the base line of their scripts; though in many of them they show the supremacy of the work of Federal Bureau of Investigation and in some other cases they portray their abilities beyond reality. Not only due to its television image but also due its efficacy in work in real world, people are curious to know “What do and how do FBI agents works?” To understand the working and tasks undertaken by this prime agency we will have to look at the well planned structure of this organization.

FBI at a glance

FBI is primarily an intelligence backed, threat tackling agency of United States of America that works under the United States Department of Justice. It works as an internal intelligence body of the States and is forerunner as a federal investigative body. It looks after around 200 categories of federal crimes.

At present, its field offices range to 56 in numbers in major cities dispersed across the United States. J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington D.C. is the headquarter of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI also has around 400 offices and resident agencies throughout the US to help in its functioning. Pertaining to its global functioning, FBI has offices above 50 in count in United States’ Embassies in the whole world and they are called “legal attachés”.

Objectives and Working

Motto of FBI is Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity, which is also pointed out to be as backronym of FBI.

The main objective of Federal Bureau of Investigation is to safeguard USA from external as well as internal threats. Tackling terrorism tops the chart in its present priorities but it is also effective in cracking out the cases of cyber crime, white-collar crimes, robbery, and drugs trafficking and so on.

For its working and field operations FBI utilizes whopping sums of money. Its approximate budget in 2010 was about 7.9 billion USD. FBI also puts a good amount of money in training programs and for the functioning of FBI laboratory as well.

FBI sets its objects for a succeeding year as per requirements. Some of the current top priorities of FBI are listed below.

1. Counter Terrorism: Safeguarding United States of America against any sort of terrorist attack is no. 1 priority presently.

2. Counter-Intelligence: As usual, protecting US against foreign intelligence and espionage is also important mandate of FBI.

3. Cyber-Warfare: Cyber warfare is the new threat from which the whole world dreads even more. FBI also works to protect its country from cyber-warfare.

4. Fighting corruption at all levels in the country.

5. Protecting the civil rights of citizens of United States.

6. Combating national and international criminal organizations that may pose threat to US.

7. Checking the major white-collar crimes.

8. Handling serious violent crimes.

9. To give support to other agencies and organizations (both at national level and international level) to fight against the crimes.

10. Improve and follow advance technologies to carry out the operations successfully.

Electricians are the people that make our cities glow during the night. They provide the basic electric wiring for all the electrical appliances and devices both in homes and offices. Basically, electricians are responsible for the installation, maintenance and up-gradation of electrical and power systems at our homes, offices, industries etc. New houses, offices and factories are being constructed every day and therefore electricians are needed to install the wirings, appliances and machineries in these new buildings. Electricians are also required for routine check and maintenance work in the factories and industries. Nowadays, with the advancement in communication systems, electricians also help in installing wirings and devices for audio and video transmission systems. Electricians find their utility in entirely diverse and broad fields of industries.

1. Types of Work Undertaken

As mentioned earlier, electricians generally install wiring and appliances in the newly constructed buildings like offices and houses. Installation of wiring and machines is also carried out by electricians in factories and industries. Though the nature of work is bit more complex in these facilities. In new installation works electricians are guided by the blueprints (technical diagrams) of the wirings and connections provided by construction companies.

Apart from connecting and fitting work, electricians also undertake checking and maintenance job. They generally replace faulty and defected circuits, fuse boxes etc. in homes. Replacing old appliances like old fans is also done by the electricians. In homes and offices, they also replace the existing circuits and circuit breaker boards in order to accommodate new connections and electrical installations. Again in factories, workshops and manufacturing units their frequency of regular checkups is more. They routinely inspect various machines and their wirings to detect glitches in them and thus rectify them as soon as possible.

Electricians have to look after motors, transformers, electronic controllers and other such devices in factories. In industries and manufacturing units, electricians usually take help of the engineers and machine manufacturing companies in the maintenance of specific machineries and devices.

Electricians are also made to work in both indoor and outdoor environments.

2. Tools and Equipments Used by Electricians

Electricians use a wide variety of tools in their profession. Pliers, conduit benders, wire strippers, knives are some of the hand tools used by these people. Drills and hacksaws are the power tools used by electricians. Multimeter (multipurpose device for measuring voltage, current etc.), harmonic testers, voltmeters etc. are the devices used for verifying circuit currents and connections.

There is always risk of shock while undertaking maintenance or up gradation work. So, electricians also use special gloves and dress during such tasks in order to prevent any accident.

3. Job Opportunities

Electricians provide the most basic and important service in a modern society, so they are always in demand. Most of the electricians are generally, hired by the electric and power companies, but some of them prefer to work as individuals too. According to a bls.gov there were near to 0.7 million electricians that worked in US alone in 2008. Forecasts suggest that their numbers are sure to increase by significant numbers in the upcoming years as population and thereby construction work increases. Extended work in telecommunication field for installing and upgrading communication wiring is also attracting electricians.

Generally in the beginning, electricians have to work as apprentices where their work includes on- the – job training and classroom instructions. With experience an electrician can take up the post of supervisor, construction manager and construction superintendent.

All types of developments in a country are directly or indirectly dependent on the economy of that country. The people who help in regulation and growth of the economy are called ECONOMISTS. Economists critically examine the trends in the market and help in predicting the future developments of the economy. This analysis help them to suggest better policies that would help in the growth and development of the agency in which they are involved. Economists are hired by the government agencies and they are always in great demand in the private sector as well. The area of work of economists is very big as they not deal with the problems related to money only but they also help in drafting policies for the fields of health, agriculture, education and many other important areas.

Function of Economists

The basic purpose of economists is to analyze, interpret and predict the future trends in the market. They analyze how public spends the money and the pattern in which different natural resources are being utilized. These resources include land and raw materials but human resources are also important subject for their study and analysis. This whole process helps the agencies to understand their consumers better, so that they can take better decisions in order to boost their business. Plans suggested by economists not only help to compete with the rival companies but they also critically analyze the laws of the land that can create impedance in the growth of the company.

Importance of Data Collection

All the analysis and decisions made by economists are dependent to a huge extent on the field data. Data collected through various surveys and past records of the company act as the base for the work of economists. Economists convert this data in the form of equations and graphs to forecast the future trend in the market. They pick out the reasons which are responsible for the inefficiency of the company and thus suggest ways to rectify them.

Types of Economists

Economics deal with specific area out of the various major fields of economics. Micro- economics and macro-economics are the main fields of work for the economists. Micro-economists work with the individual companies. They track the past records of that company and device ways to satisfy the costumers while concentrating to increase the profit of that company. Macro-economists look at the economy through a broader view. They look at the history of the economy concerning particular field and thus predict the future projections. These projections help in assessing the rise and loss of the jobs, inflation and growth in the economy. Macro-economists are highly sought by government agencies and big corporations.

Scope of Jobs

According to a report by U.S. Department of Labor’s, United States alone had 51,000 economists in various sectors in 1992. These figures have of course turned many folds in the past decade. Induction of economists in the increasing private companies is a common trend. According to another report, Private industry especially economic and marketing research firms, firms dispensing management consultancy, and other financial and data computing companies employed 7 persons hailing from background of economic studies out of 10 salaried workers. In the recent years impact of globalization has also been tremendous on the job opportunities of economists. This has led to the induction of economists specialized in the field of oversees trade in companies dealing in international trade activities.

The jewels on the shoes, the uniquely designed buckles of boots, pieces of cloths arranged technically forming a dress and accessories on blue black hangers and shelves at every store and every boutique has been designed by a fashion designer. Basically fashion designers scrutinize vogue in the kinds of dressing people are doing, they sketch designs based on their ideas, choose fabric and combination and oversee the fabrication of their designs. Fashion designers may have expertise such as footwear design, clothing design or accessory design like handy bags, scarves, wallets, cap, hats, belts etc.

A fashion designer will be able to achieve success if (s)he has good foresight vision and can predict future. The designer should have sufficient knowledge of buying trends which are continuously developing because it takes around eighteen and twenty four months for an article of clothing to proceed from a rough sketch to final production. For this reason, research on fashion trend is the first and foremost step in the process of designing. There are various designers doing this research, some opt to do the research themselves, while on other hand, some designers rely on research which is done by others like that of industry trade group. In the course of selection of fabric of their design they visit trade shows or go to textiles manufacturers.

With the help of inexpensive materials sample of clothing is made, after the designers has sketched their designs and have picked the required fabrics. The samples designed by designers are then tested on fashion model in order to know if any types of alteration or modification are needed. Some are accepted while others are rejected. The designs which are accepted they are further finalized and these samples are now made by using the actual required or selected material. Then further these original samples are used by models in fashion show or marketed unswervingly to retailers who fulfill the demand of customers by providing those samples.

With the advancement in technology and introduction of computers the course of action of work of many fashion designers has changed. While many designers use their hands to sketch the designs, there are more and more designers opting for computer aided design (CAD) software to design their sketches.

With the help of CAD software you can examine the design from different angles, apply various colors and select the one you like the most can use them on different models. Accordingly the best combination can be selected by you and then forwarded. Even if you are encountering problem in the original design, with the help of CAD you can modify it and adjust it according to your requirement.

Discrepancy in scope of fashion designers work can occur according to the place he or she is working at. Fashion designer working in a huge designer company will be ahead from other designer in producing designs and selecting colors and fabrics but he or she will be supervised by other seniors who will finalize the product. On the other hand fashion designers working for smaller companies, do their own stitching and patternmaking. Fashion designers working at large companies receive lot of facilities like health insurance; vacation packages and various other benefits on the other hand self employed designer provide their own insurance and retirement plans.